Del residuo a la energía: sistemas bioelectroquímicos aplicados al tratamiento de efluentes
Sinopsis
Los sistemas bioelectroquímicos integran la actividad catalítica de comunidades microbianas con procesos electroquímicos de electrodo, y permiten acoplar el tratamiento de efluentes con la recuperación de energía, hidrógeno y materiales de valor. Esta obra sistematiza sus fundamentos, su desarrollo en Sudamérica y su aplicación a la recuperación de metales pesados en efluentes mineros, mediante una revisión de la literatura publicada entre 2015 y 2026 en las bases Scopus, Web of Science y SciELO. El primer capítulo establece los fundamentos electroquímicos y microbiológicos: termodinámica, potenciales redox, curvas de polarización, sobrepotenciales, materiales de electrodo y mecanismos de transferencia extracelular de electrones. El segundo revisa la investigación desarrollada en Ecuador y en el resto del continente, con atención a los sustratos regionales, a los materiales de bajo costo y a las configuraciones ensayadas. El tercero aborda la recuperación y remediación de metales pesados en efluentes de la actividad extractiva, incluidos el cromo, el cobre, el arsénico y el mercurio, así como el tratamiento del drenaje ácido de minas. La revisión evidencia que la investigación sudamericana ha desarrollado una aproximación propia, basada en el aprovechamiento de comunidades microbianas nativas y de residuos agroindustriales locales, y que su valor reside más en la depuración y el sensado ambiental que en la generación de energía, dado que la densidad de potencia a escala piloto permanece entre 0,1 y 10 W·m⁻³. Las principales limitaciones para su despliegue no son solo técnicas: incluyen la ausencia de demostraciones a escala piloto en la región y la debilidad de la transferencia hacia el sector productivo.
Palabras clave: sistemas bioelectroquímicos; celdas de combustible microbianas; tratamiento de efluentes; recuperación de metales pesados; drenaje ácido de minas; biohidrógeno; Sudamérica.
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Referencias
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